Scientific journal

European Journal of Natural History

ISSN 2073-4972

ИФ РИНЦ = 0,301

 

Table 4

Mud volcano eruptions recorded within petroleum regions in Azerbaijan (during 1810-2018)

Volcano name	Eruption date	Volcano name	Eruption date
Pre-Caspian-Guba region		Lower Kura region
Zarat-deniz	1953	Kalamaddin	1872
		Akhtarmaardy	1990
Absheron peninsula		Akhtarma-Pashaly	1948, 1962, 1969, 1982 (twice), 1986, 2013, 2018
Kechaldag	2000	Kichik Harami	1912
Uchtepe	1967, 1986, 1992, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2005	Hamamdag	1938, 1947, 1967, 1984, 1996
Beyukdag	1921, 1922	Agzybir	1964, 1978, 2002
Zikh Pilpilesi	1993 (twice)	Bendovan	1932, 1989
Keireki	1824, 1830, 1865, 1882, 1885, 1902, 1915, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1989, 1991, 2001, 2002, 2014, 2017	Kursengi	1965
		Durovdag	1953
		Duzdag	1941
Bozdag-Geokmaly	1926, 1965, 2001	Oil salse	1882
Bozdag-Gobu	1827, 1894, 1937, 1953, 1957, 1974, 1986, 1987, 1999	Neftchala Pilpilesi	1947 (twice)
Bozdag-Gyuzdek	1839, 1867, 1902, 1969, 1986, 1988, 1995, 2003, 2009	Dovshandag	2003
Saryncha	1936, 1976	Baku archipelago
Gyzyltepe	1914 (twice)	Zenbil Island	1961, 1995
Akhtarma-Puta	1923, 1933, 1950	Khare-Zire Island	1810, 1857, 1859, 1886, 1940, 1947, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1974, 1993, 1997, 2006
Lockbatan	1829, 1864, 1887, 1890, 1900, 1904, 1915, 1918, 1923, 1926, 1933, 1935, 1938, 1941, 1954, 1959, 1964, 1972, 1977, 1980, 1990, 2001, 2010, 2012, 2017
Otmanbozdag	1854, 1904, 1922, 1951, 1965, 1985, 1994, 2004, 2017	Gil Island	1810, 1859, 1860, 1895, 1896, 1913, 1926, 1937, 1960, 1962
Absheron archipelago		Garasu Island	1876 (twice), 1923, 1977, 1993
Absheron shoal	1888	Balygly shoal	1868, 1913
Buzovna Pilpilesi	1892, 1915, 1923, 1950, 1953 (twice), 2001	Chigil Island	1967
		Sabail shoal	1907, 1915, 1970
Palchyg Pilpilesi	1935, 1950	Sengi-Mugan Island	1903, 1923, 1932, 1933, 2002, 2008
		Dashly Island	1920, 1945
Neft Dashlary	1904, 1949, 1951, 1957	Mugan-deniz shoal	1942, 1957
Shoal “1906”	1906
Shoal “1908”	1908	Chigil-deniz shoal	1861,1927 (twice), 1928, 1939, 1950, 1959, 2001
Shoal “1933”	1933
Shoal “1960”	1960	Yanan-Tava shoal	1813, 1825, 1843, 1868
Bahar-deniz shoal	1876, 1912, 1917, 1921, 1925, 1941, 1958, 1963, 1984
Kapaz	1980
Shamakhy-Gobustan region
Damirchi	1958, 1969, 1971, 2008	Agnohur	1927, 1940, 1948, 1976, 1986
Zeiva (Basgal)	1926	Cheildag (west)	1970
Kyurdamich	1971	Cheildag (east)	1870, 1957, 1968, 1970, 2004
Gizmeydan	1987, 2001	Davalidag (east)	1975
Gasymkend	1993	Dashmardan	1866, 1954, 1976, 1986, 2011
Jeirly	1951, 1983, 2001	Shekikhan (west)	1988, 1989 (twice), 2001, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2017
Hajily	1970	Shekikhan (east)	1989, 2006
Melikchobanly	1926, 1967, 1977	Gotur	1989, 2001, 2004, 2005
Gushchu	1913, 1917, 1924, 1941, 1952, 1954, 1958, 1960, 1965, 1968, 1986, 1992, 2008, 2018	Toragay	1841, 1901, 1924, 1932, 1947, 1950, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2018 (twice)
Kyolany	1845, 1962, 1969	Beyuk Kyanizadag	1950, 1996
Kichik Maraza	1848, 1970, 1986	Durandag	1960, 1968, 1986, 2001, 2004
Bozaakhtarma	1902, 1969, 1970, 1987, 2017	Agtirme	1913, 1971 (twice), 1985, 1988, 1989, 1998, 2000
Shikhzarli	1844, 1848, 1868, 1872, 1902, 1927, 1929, 1939, 1944, 1946, 1949, 1955, 1969, 1974, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2004, 2011, 2013, 2017	Garabujag (Hajivelieri)	1954, 1963, 2001
Jengi	1851,1873	Solakhay	1949, 1989 (twice), 2001
Garyja	1970, 1987, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2017	Garakyura	1928, 1951
Shorsulu	1986	Oyug	1988 (twice)
Sheytanud	1975	Ayrantoken	1964, 1969, 1977, 1988, 1990, 2004, 2008
Chapylmysh	1929, 1933, 1973, 1984, 1989, 2001, 2010	Goturdag	1926, 1959, 1966, 1970, 1977, 1987
Ayazakhtarma	1926, 1969, 1973 (twice), 1985, 1989, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007	Dilyangyaz	1902, 1912, 1951
Nardaranakhtarma	1948, 1970, 1972, 1982, 1984,	Dashgil	1882, 1886, 1908, 1926, 1958, 2001
Suleymanakhtarma	1986, 1996, 2001, 2004
Bahar	1853,1859, 1885, 1886, 1911, 1926, 1967, 1992	Alat Pilpilesi (Bala Bahar)	1909, 1953, 1962

 

The Kichik Maraza volcano is located 38 km south-east of Shamakhi (40 °30'36.37"N, 49 ° 1'55.21"E), to the north of Shikhzarli volcano, at the hill summit of 600 m in absolute height. The hill has steep western and southern slopes and gentle northern and eastern slopes surrounded with shallow gorges and scours. An area covered with breccia is 79 ha. The mentioned volcano is placed at the Miocene sediments and confined to the northwestern pericline of the Mushkemir anticline. An outflow tongues, 40-60 m long and 5-10 m wide, are seen on the slopes. The Kichik Maraza volcano crater field is rather vast, with numerous gryphons and 0.5 m to 14 m high sopkas. Some of them are distinguished by an abundant emission of gas, water and mud with oil films. The Kichik Maraza volcano first eruption was recorded in 1848, the last one in 1986 (Table 4). The volcano is surrounded by closely adjoining agricultural and cattle breeding areas (Fig. 2 (a) and 2 (b)).

The Duzdag mud volcano is located 600 m of the Salyan-Neftchala highway (39 °22'53.76"N, 49 ° 8'46.64"E), 4 km of Khylly village. Volcanic cone, 0.6 km in diameter and 18 m in relative height, is clearly distinguished over the surrounding flat plain. The volcano is situated on the same named anticline composed of upper Pliocene and Quaternary sediments. Mudvolcanic manifestations are confined to the western regional faulting having an amplitude of 400 m and passing through the southwestern limb of the fold. A several active gryphons and salses emitting gas, muddy water, some with oil, occur on the Duzdag volcano. The last eruption of the mud volcano was recorded in 1941 (Table 4). Currently, the northern, northeastern and southwestern parts of the volcano are surrounded by an artificial lake used for agricultural and fishing purposes (Fig. 3 (a) and 3 (b)). Various phase volcanic products, ejecting from the active gryphons and salses of the mud volcano directly flow to the lake (Fig. 3 (c)).

Fig. 2. Satellite image (a) and photo of the crater field (b) of the Kichik Maraza mud volcano

Fig. 3. The Duzdag mud volcano: (a) satellite image, (b) active salse on the crater field, (c) flows of volcanic products (water and mud mixture) towards the lake

Fig. 4. Active gryphon and salse of the Kechaldag mud volcano located in close proximity to the Jeiranbatan water reservoir

Fig. 5. Satellite image of the Kechaldag mud volcano: (a) – 2016, (b) – 2018

Fig. 6. Active gryphon and salses located on the crater field of the Gaynarja mud volcano

The Kechaldag mud volcano of 114 m in absolute height, is located 17 km northwest of Baku (40 °29'34.49"N, 49 °42'10.66"E), in southeastern coast of Jeiranbatan reservoir. Fragmental product of the volcano covers an area of 1000x600 m overlapping the sediments of Middle and Upper Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene which are exposed on the earth surface. Two eruptive centres of the volcano are confined to the most elevated parts of the locality (141.1 and 97.9 m). The largest, southeastern centre, towering to 44 m above surrounding locality, has 350 long and 250 m wide crater, bordered with 1.2 m high rampart (Fig. 4). The second eruptive centre located at a distance of 675 m northwest from the first centre, has a small crater. The Kechaldag volcano is confined to the northwestern pericline of a large Kechaldag-Zigilpiri anticline. The fold is complicated by longitudinal rupture with which a volcano is related. The last registered eruption of the volcano (Table 4) was related to the construction works carried out in 2000 on its slope [21].

Depends on regular changes in the water level in the Jeiranbatan water reservoir, the products of the Kechaldag mud volcano directly contact the water of the reservoir (Fig. 5 (a) and 5 (b)).

The Gaynarja mud volcano is located 8-10 km southwest of Shabran district (41 °9'16.31"N, 48 °59'2.31"E). Occuring on the Miocenic-Pontian sediments it is expressed as a hill of 60 m in relative height. A 100 m diameter crater field has many mud cones and gryphones up to 2-3 m in height and 1.5-2.0 m in base diameter, and salses of 3.0-3.5 m in diameter (Fig. 6). Gaynarja volcano is confined to the same name northeasterly trending fold which is the central link of Talabi-Zaratdeniz anticlinal belt. The fold is asymmetric with a steep (55-600) northeastern limb and gently sloping (40-500) southwestern limb. The two longitudinal dislocations of the thrust pattern have been traced on the crest. In recent years there have been no any eruptions of the Gaynarja volcano (Table 4) [29].

The artificial reduction of the minimum distance between the Takhtakorpu water reservoir and the volcano reached a peak (Fig. 7 (a) and 7 (b)). Thus, the boundaries of the reservoir were expanded without taking into account the minimum distance between the mud volcano and the basin of reservoir. Most of the crater field of the volcano, with the exception of the northeastern part, was buried underwater [28] (Fig. 7 (b). As a result, the products of the mud volcano, as in the case of the Kecaldag volcano, directly contact the water of the reservoir.

Materials and methods of research

The study were conducted on 5 active mud volcanoes (1 – Kichik Maraza, 2 – Duzdag, 3 – Kechaldag, 4 – Gaynarja, 5 – Otmanbozdag (Fig. 8)) of Shamakhi-Gobustan, Lower Kura, Absheron and Pre-Caspian-Guba regions. The visual, satellite, geological, geochemical and radioactive surveys, as well as laboratory analyzes were performed. 10 water and sopka breccia samples were collected on each volcano, and their chemical composition was determined at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics using the “S8 TIGER Series 2 WDXRF” spectrometer and the “Agilent 7700 Series ICP-MS” mass spectrometer. The organic properties of rocks (oil shales) found among mud volcanic breccias were determined in the process of two-stage pyrolysis. Radiometric measurements were carried out on multidirectional profiles passing through the crater field using radiometers “CPП-88M” and “Inspektor-1000”. A gamma spectrometric analysis of water and breccia samples was conducted to study the anomalous nature of radioactivity. In addition, based on the eruption and daily activity of some volcanoes, an approximate calculation was made to estimate the amount of gases released into the atmosphere [27-29, 39-41]. According to the data obtained, the extrapolation was carried out and the annual emission of total gas for the mud volcanoes of Azerbaijan was calculated.

Results of research and their discussion

The gas composition of the studied mud volcanoes mainly consist of CH4, CO2 and N2 (Table 5).

Table 5

Composition and average value of gases emitted from the studied mud volcanoes

Mud volcano	Emitted gas ( %)
	CH4	CO2	N2
Kichik Maraza	95.38	1.20	1.04
Duzdag	95.73	0.53	1.74
Kechaldag	95.31	0.64	2.3
Gaynarja	92.73	5.64	1.08

 

Fig. 6. Active gryphon and salses located on the crater field of the Gaynarja mud volcano

Fig. 7. Satellite image of the Gaynarja mud volcano: (a) – 2013, (b) – 2018

Fig. 8. Location map of the studied mud volcanoes (1 – Kichik Maraza, 2 – Duzdag, 3 – Kechaldag, 4 – Gaynarja, 5 – Otmanbozdag) within the oil and gas bearing regions and folding zone: I – Pre-Caspian-Guba, II – Shamakhi-Gobustan, III – Absheron, IV – Lower Kura, V – Baku archipelago, VI – folding zone in the deep South Caspian

According to calculations, 69.12 m3 of gas emitted from one active gryphon or salse of mud volcano (an average of 12 in each volcano (Table 4)) into the atmosphere, the total volume of which is 25228.8 m3 per year. Taking into account the fact that the most part (about 70 %) of total mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan is characterized by active gryphon and salse activity, the annual release of gas into the atmosphere is about 6231513.6 m3. Due to the fact that the volume of emitted volcanic gas mainly depends on the seismic events occur in the region [27-32], the annual total amount of gas may increase in proportion to the volcanic activity.

The calculations on the amount of gas burned during the eruption were carried out on the basis of two phases of paroxysmal events (12:20:40 and 14:18:04) that occurred on February 6, 2017 on the mud volcano Othmanbozdag (Table 4, 40 °14'25.00"N, 49 °30'26.21"E) which the largest and highest mud volcano in the world (relative altitude 404 m) (Fig. 9 (а) and (b)) located in the Absheron region of Azerbaijan. Calculations were carried out in accordance with statistical data on recorded eruptions of the mud volcano by the Republican Center of Seismological Service under the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, according to the following formula:

where h – height of the flame (the first phase is 310 m, the second is 370 m), d – diameter of the flame (the first phase is 8.5 m, the second is 12 m), T – duration of flame (the first phase is 3.5 minutes, the second is 5 minutes), t – time of complete combustion of the flame (according to [36] – 0.33 minutes). During the first phase of the paroxysm, the amount of released gas was approximately 186476.2 m3, in the second – 633709.1 m3. Taking into account the fact that at least 5 eruptions are recorded annually in the territory of Azerbaijan, and their above-mentioned parameters correspond to the eruption of Otmanbozdag, it can be concluded like the amount of ejected gas as a result of all these eruptions is 4,100,926.5 m3.

The average amount of the total mineralization of the waters carried to the Earth’s surface by mud volcanoes: Kichik Maraza – 10 g/l; Duzdag – 47.3 g/l, Kechaldag – 9.6 g/l, Gaynarja – 63.8 g/l. The mineralization of the Gaynarja mud volcano is much higher in comparison with other volcanoes. The estimates allow to conclude that the mineralization value in mud volcanoes of Azerbaijan increases from north to south. Classification types of studied volcanic waters for the Pre-Caspian-Guba and Absheron regions – sodium hydrocarbonate and calcium hypochlorite, Shamakhi-Gobustan region – hydrocarbonate sodium, Lower Kura region – calcium hypochlorite and sodium hydrocarbonate.

SO42- and K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ in the chemical composition of the water samples taken from the Kehcaldag mud volcano are below the average standards for drinking water, but Na+, Cl- and HCO3- are higher. The Ph values are corresponding to the norm. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3- in the chemical composition of the water samples taken from the Gaynarja mud volcano are significantly exceed the standards, but SO42- is below. The Ph indicators do not exceed the standards (Fig. 10).

The results of a comparative analysis of the microelement composition of breccia samples from the sopkas of the studied mud volcanoes show that Li, V, Zn, Rb, La, Ce, Nd, Pb, Th in Kichik Maraza, V, Cr, Ni, Sr in Duzdag, Li, V, Cr, Zn, Sr, Pb in Kechaldag sharply exceed the norm of the average value for sedimentary rocks [37] (Fig. 11).

The amount of organic matter in the composition of oil shales, found among the solids products of the studied mud volcanoes, ranges from 9.5 to 12.65 %. In the process of pyrolysis, it was established that the amount of hydrocarbons (gases) is insignificant in such rocks, and most of the organic matter is in the form of coal (Table 6).

Fig. 9. The Otmanbozdag mud volcano: (a) – image from a helicopter, (b) – eruption recorded on February 6, 2017

Fig. 10. Comparisons between the chemical composition of water samples taken from the studied mud volcanoes and the average norm for drinking water

Table 6

The results of the two-stage pyrolysis of rock samples taken from the Gaynarja mud volcano

Sample	Organic matter, %	500-550 °C		800-850 °C
		Oil	Gas	Oil	Gas
1	12.2	-	2.43	-	2.67
2	12.65	-	4.99	-	1.88
3	9.5	-	5.24	-	1.20

 

Fig. 11. Comparative analysis between the microelement composition of breccia samples taken from the studied mud volcanoes and average values for sedimentary rock [37] (ppm)

Fig. 12. Distribution map of the radioactivity in the crater field of the Gaynarja mud volcano

Table 7

The content of radionuclides in the water samples from gryphons and salses of the Gaynarja mud volcano

Radionuclide, Bk/l	Sample			Average concentration for drinking water Bk/l
	1	2	3
K 40	25.6 ± 4.2	15.2 ± 1.4	16.6 ± 1.9	22.0
Ra 226	0.228 ± 0.054	0.154 ± 0.024	0.126 ± 0.028	0.5
Ra 228	0.138 ± 0.010	0.324 ± 0.050	0.644 ± 0.036	0.2
Rn 222	0.20 ± 0.12	0.18 ± 0.10	0.10 ± 0.06	120.0
U 235	0.0144 ± 0.0032	0.0064 ± 0.001	0.0120 ± 0.0016	3.0
U 238	0.312 ± 0.069	0.139 ± 0.021	0.261 ± 0.034	3.1

 

Table 8

Specific activity and content of radionuclides in the breccia samples of the Gaynarja mud volcano

Sample	Integral radioactivity mR/h	Activity, Bk/kg	U, Bk/kg	Th, Bk/kg	К, Bk/kg
1	23	481.56	431.81	–	634.61
2	14-15	106.4	50.19	0.45	704.87
3	16-17	118.51	12.15	77.99	208.42
4	23	515.12	480.15	–	671.71

 

The radioactivity of the breccia on the crater field of the Gaynarja mud volcano is 9.5-23 mR/h. Lower values of radioactivity were recorded in the central, northern and northeastern parts of the volcano (Fig. 12). This can be explained by the presence of tectonic dislocations in these zones.

The amount of radionuclides (Ra 228 in two samples, K 40 in one sample) in water samples taken from the active gryphons and salses of Gaynarja mud volcano sharply exceeds the average concentration of radionuclides for drinking water. The concentration of radionuclides Ra 226, Rn 222, U 235 and U 238 is much lower than the norms (Table 7).

Radionuclides Ra 228 and Ra 222 were not detected in the breccia samples. Analyzed samples were selected in the zones of both weak and relatively high radioactivity. Thus, the average indicator of radioactivity of rocks ranges between 106.4 and 515.12 Bk/kg (Table 8). These indicators reflect the overall complex level of gamma rays, and depend on the amount of radionuclides in the rock composition. Exceeding the level of gamma rays in two rock samples can be explained by the presence of a uranium element in their composition. The amount of thorium does not exceed the mean value, and potassium is present in all volcanic rocks.

Conclusions

The content of gases released into the atmosphere as a result of the eruption and daily activity of mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan, mainly consist of CH4, N2 and CO2. The total amount of these gases per year is more than 10 300 000 m3, that CH4 dominates in concentration (more than 90 %). The obtained results show that volcanic gas emissions have a serious influence on the overall gas budget of the atmosphere.

The total level of mineralization in volcanic waters is high, on average more than 30 g/l. The classification types of these waters are sodium hydrocarbonate and calcium hypochlorite. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3- are significantly higher than the average allowable value for drinking water in some samples. The radionuclides Ra 228 and K 40 were found in the water samples that their concentration is also much higher than the norm for drinking water.

Some microelements, such as Cr, Ni, Sr, Pb and Th were found in the breccia composition of mud volcanoes, that their concentrations are significantly higher than the average value for sedimentary rocks. The amount of organic matter in the rocks, ejected by mud volcanoes, is more than 9 %. The results of pyrolysis show that the yield of hydrocarbons is insignificant, organic matter is most often in the form of coal.

Radioactive backgrounds on the crater field of the mud volcano were often increased, which is explained by tectonic dislocations in the internal structure of the volcano. An increase in the gamma level in some breccia samples selected in areas with a high radioactive background is associated with an increase in the concentration of uranium.

This work was supported by the Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Grant № EIF/GAM-3-2014-6(21)-24/11/2.