Problem Formulation
Let us consider Navier – Stokes problem and continuity equation for incompressible fluid. They are as following
Boundary conditions on the body boundary adjoining to fluid are V(t, r) = 0, r ∈ S where S is a body boundary. We will seek a solution in the form of series using Galerkin method (hereinafter N → ∞)
where space C2 is twice continuously differentiable function, Ψ0(r) is a defined external action which, in case of pipeline, is equal to
where z – direction of the pipeline longitudinal; P, P0 – pressure at the beginning and the end of the pipeline; L – pipeline length.
Now we substitute these functions into the differential equation, multiply by Ψm(r) and integrate over the volume, then we obtain following differential equations system:
m = 1,..., 3N;
m = 1,..., N. (A.1)
After we resolved the second equation (A.1), substituted
n = 1,..., N
from the second equation (A.1) to the first one, we have
m = 1,..., 2N;
m = 2N + 1,..., 3N. (A.2)
Defining xn+3N(t), n = 1,..., N corresponding to pressure change, from the second equation (A.2) and substituting found out value into the first equation (A.2), we have equations system
m = 1,..., 2N. (A.3)
At that
n = 1,..., N.
Where values
l = 1,..., 3; 
n = 1,..., N.
are known and coefficients Fmpq, Gmp, Hm, 
cnm, bnm are constants. This system of non-linear ordinary differential autonomous equations (A.3) is to be solved. Solution convergence issues will be discussed below in the text.
Finding of Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations in Complex Plane
Let us consider system of non-linear differential autonomous equations
l = 1, ..., N. (1)
Navier – Stokes equation system and continuity equation can be brought to system of non-linear differential equations:
m = 1,..., N, (2)
where three-dimensional velocity is defined by formula 
At that, function φn(x1, x2, x3) is given in the form of sine or cosine. Then coefficients cn(t) for continuous function decrease not more rapidly than 
when index increases and series reduction is possible, i.e. instead of infinite number of terms, finite terms number is used. At the same time, the infinite number of terms forms convergent series.
It was found out that a set of N + 1 coordinates for the system balance position exists (2). Indeed, let us assume that we have found several balance positions with coordinates 
l = 1, ..., N. Let us seek the solution in the form 
. For that we will substitute the solution into the right part of the differential equation (2) and will equate it to zero, then following equations system is obtained
For existence of non-zero solution of this differential equation, it is necessary that determinant is equal to zero:
Given zero determinant, coefficients 
from linear equation will be defined up to a multiplier. This multiplier will be defined from equality to zero of determinant of non-linear equation system. Thus, we have N unknown multipliers, which will be defined from determinant equality to zero. I.e. set of N + 1 coordinates of the system balance position exists.
Differential equation system (2) for non-multiple balance positions can be expressed by means of 
substitution. At that, the system (2) balance positions 
l = 1, ..., N, s = 1, ..., S will be transformed into balance positions 
l = 1, ..., N, s = 1, ..., S and eigen values and eigen vectors of the linearized system (2) will be defined as.
Equation system (2) will be
(3а)
Values 
satisfy condition 
. k = 1, ..., N, s = 1, ..., S.
Equation system (3a) can be written as
(3b)
where multiplier which can never be equal to 0 is used – 
, and this multiplier is equal to
After this multiplier is substituted to (3b) we obtain (3a). Now we will demonstrate that this multiplier can never be equal to 0. When 
l = 1, ..., N the limit of
is finite.
Here we canceled out a multiplier 
, as we consider only not coincident roots being coordinates of balance position. So we showed that this multiplier does not equal to zero after infinite time.
Thus, the differential equation can be written as
l = 1, ..., N, (4)
where Hl(t, t0) – function which tends to infinity when coordinates tend to balance position. For real solutions, this function is monotonic. That is, we have obtained dependence of the solution on value Hl(t, t0), which is monotonic time-dependent function.
Lemma 1. Necessary and sufficient criterion for unknown function to tend to steady balance position coordinates is Hl(t, t0) → ∞ when t → ∞. At the same time, balance position coordinates have to have a real part.
So, we have
(5)
at t → ∞ and hence Hl(t, t0) → ∞ , l = 1, ..., N as integral of constant. Inverse theorem is also valid, on condition Hl(t, t0) → ∞, l = 1, ..., N, one of steady balance positions is realized. This is a consequence of solution type; on condition Hl(t, t0) → ∞, l = 1, ..., N, according to Lemma 3, negative real part of value 
exists in formula (6) and solution tends to balance position coordinate 
in formula (4). If balance position coordinates have real parts, values 
have real part. At that t → ∞.
Lemma 2. Solution of differential equation (1) is function xl(t) which satisfies to equation (6).
To obtain (6), let us divide equation (4) by product of multipliers 
and multiply (4) by dHl(t, t0). Then we will decompose obtained fraction into sum of simple fractions and perform integration. The following equation is obtained
l = 1, ..., 2N.
Here for the case of sound energy emission in interval [t0, t] different branches of logarithm are obtained.
After the expression exponentiated, we have (6)
(6)
where all values of balance position coordinates are not multiple and are not dependent on radiation process occurring in an interval [t0, t]. In case of laminar real solution, radiation will not appear, and in case of turbulent solution, followed by radiation, there will be energy transition. Really, presence of radiation yields the complex solution which describes turbulent pulsing mode. At that, at solution transformation, turbulent mode is followed by sound noise. Exponential multiplier does not affect balance position coordinates which define stationary solution. Existence of multiplier 
changes calculated main branch of solution for coordinate xl, but will not affect balance position coordinate.
Lemma 3. Sum of coefficients 
by index s is equal to zero, i.e. 
In case if following fraction decomposed.
where QS–1(y) is S – 1-ordered polynomial. Equation 
will remain satisfied,
Let us prove this. For this let us consider a sum
This sum is equal to P(y) = QS–1(y). We write formula for polynomial equal to QS–1(y), dividing the equation by product 
we obtain
If suppose that 
, equality 
is satisfied when s + 1 balance position exists.
But to realize the solution, it is necessary to know balance positions of this non-linear equations system. Besides, balance positions can be multiple that changes the solution finding process, it becomes random or chaotic, but we are not going to consider this case. Nevertheless, it is possible to prove the following important theorem.
Theorem 1. Cauchy task is considered under arbitrary real initial conditions for system of orthogonal non-linear ordinary differential equations (1). If system (1) has complex conjugate balance positions with real parts then, for finite real argument t, Cauchy problem solution for the system (1), for real initial conditions, tends to infinity. Then this solution becomes a complex one, tending to balance position in case when complex balance position coordinates have real part. Here the right part of (1) is considered as being a regular function, real for real arguments. This function has finite number of non-multiple balance positions.
Proving
If the system (2) is resolved at non-multiple balance positions then, according to Lemma 2, we have
(7)
where 
selected complex balance position, 
other balance positions. Coefficients 
satisfy condition 
, according to Lemma 3. At that, in sum 
real part value 
in case of complex solution 
presents twice as all values 
satisfy condition 
, so we have formula
Let us substantiate solution (7). For that we will modify two complex conjugate terms of the solution (for expression simplicity, index l is omitted)
(8)
where 
. After integration (8) over argument x, we obtain formula (7)
The solution is 
where
At that, value of 
is real due to existence of complex conjugate balance positions. Thus, for 
and finite t, we have equation
(9)
Solution of this equation tends to infinity.
At that, solution of differential equation for rising Hl(t, t0), according to Lemma 1, can have complex roots
At that, as equation 
is satisfied according Lemma 3 and balance positions have real parts, values with negative real part 
exist, so convergence to one of the balance positions takes place. Real solution will tend to infinity at that existence, and uniqueness condition for Cauchy problem will be breached. According to Lemma 1, at Hl(t, t0) infinity, unknown function will tend to one of balance positions. This balance position cannot be real as the real solution is infinite. This means that the solution will have a branching point and will tend to complex balance position. That is, for balance complex positions, finite complex solution is obtained at Hl(t, t0) change. Thus, in some point a complex solution will begin.
End of the proof.
Now we will give an example describing this property of the differential equation, transition to the complex solution. So, for the differential equation, there can be a complex solution instead of infinite real one
And these balance positions are purely imaginary, that is, the solution cannot tend to balance position. And the real solution of this differential equation tends rapidly to infinity
Using an implicit solution finding scheme, we obtain the following equation
Seeking solution in respect to unknown function x, we obtain the following implicit scheme
This implicit scheme with constant step correctly describes solution tendency to infinity. At reduced calculation step, this scheme yields larger value of variable t, that is, it yields larger value of unknown function. That is, it correctly describes behavior of the differential equation solution up to infinity. When infinity is reached, under condition 
, the finite complex solution will be found. Numerical computation of this equation has validated this analysis of the solution obtained.
At that, the complex solution possesses new properties; it performs complex rotation around balance position. At the same time the real solution tends to infinity, i.e. right part of the differential equation tends to infinity and existence and uniqueness condition for Cauchy problem are breached, so additional complex solution is arisen.
The solution for complex initial data is given by formula
for any t. Thus, approximately we have
If we choose branch with positive β, we obtain converging series. At that, this fraction denominator never becomes zero.
That is, for real plane, finite solution does not exist. In complex plane, finite continuous solution exists in the case if balance positions are not multiple.
But there is a question – what is the physical meaning of imaginary part of the solution?
Physical Meaning of Exact Complex Solution
So, for turbulent solution corresponding to complex balance position coordinates, we have solution
The solution consists of step term in the form of delta-function and smooth part
As, at averaging over period, tangents sum without taking into account step term is equal to zero, we will study the step term of the solution. At that, this solution has singularity when condition 
is satisfied. Step term of the solution is
That is, imaginary medium pulse is originated. Imaginary velocity means flow rotation or oscillation; flow step is originated which will be destroyed in time ΔD(hl) = π to originate repeatedly. Number of such steps is finite. But how to average this steps? You should pass to probabilistic interpretation of the description. That is, to average imaginary part over the period 
Then we have local complex average solution
Continuous part of the solution has positive and negative parts which are compensated when averaged. To obtain a global average value it is necessary to average with respect to value k, so we have
We obtained complex velocity; imaginary part is defined up to multiplier. Real part of complex velocity corresponds to average value of velocity, and imaginary part is a mean square deviation. Simultaneously, there is a vortex motion consisting of positive and negative value of root from 
.
Contribution of imaginary part to average value is equal to
At that, module of average value, that defines real solution, is equal to
where balance position coordinates and time are non-dimensional, then, as we calculate square root of imaginary part, we define branch 
. Thus, average single-valued solution is found.
This multiplier Υl depends on the surface roughness and it is found from numerical experiment. As numerical experiment has shown, for round smooth pipeline the multiplier is equal to Υl = 1. At that, the smooth pipeline has a constant, minimum, average module of roughness inclination tangent equal to
that is associated with molecular roughness, see article II section 1. For this, one term of series which determines flow velocity is used. We calculate this value for one term of the series for smooth surface. The solution is
where 
This value exactly corresponds to experimental formula for round cross section pipeline if the solution roughness is taken into account. At that, to take roughness into account for internal problem, 
is multiplied by 
, here k/l is a constant average tangent of flowing surface inclination. From this we obtain 
, see article II section 1. At constant average roughness height, the coefficient Υl is not a constant as k/l value is determined by other formula depending on dimensionless pressure, see article II section 1.