Scientific journal

European Journal of Natural History

ISSN 2073-4972

ИФ РИНЦ = 0,301

Key Words: assimilation of and by plants; indetermination principle; determination principle; charge parity nonconversation; electron-positron pair.

In 1935 Yukava Kh. [1], founding on Heisenberg indetermination principle discovery [2], made a guess about the existence of particles responsible mainly for internuclear forces, which are 300 times as heavy as an electron mass.

In 1947 Powell C.F. with colleges [3] experimentally proved the existence of these particles-pi-mesons with mass numbers 273,3 for  and , 264,3 for , that served a serious argument in the affirmation of the indetermination principle itself.

Again, in 2006, while working [4] we stated a concept in accordance with which spontaneous chemical transformations most often are realized on the determination principle. In the same year a new photosynthetic system functioning mechanism, at the heart of which there is the concept of light quantum breakdown ( ) into an electron and a positive ion (  and ) at  "emission" activated by Р680* photosystem to pheophetin in accord with the law of charge parity nonconversation [5, 6], was offered.

The offered work contains extra arguments for both determination principle discovery and light quantum breakdown on the law of charge parity nonconversation.

A breakdown  into three electron masses, not four ones, happens

Photosynthesis of green plants is a complex biological process comprising a great number of conjugative oxidation-reduction reactions [7,8]. Cells of higher plants and Cyanobacteriae contain photosystems PII and PI, photosensitive pimentos - chlorophylls (a, b, c, d), carotenoids and phycobilines.

The photosystem P680-683 (b-pigment) absorbs the light quantum within the field of 680-683 nm, transiting into the state of excitement for about 10^-12 sec [8]. The stay time of the b chlorophyll in the excited state is infinitesimal on account of quick 10^-15 - 10^-19 sec "emission" of the electron to pheophetin (PHEO) and further on to the centers of primary plastochinon electronic acceptor  and secondary chinon acceptor . The electron transfer from the PII photosystem onto plastochinons (PQ) happens for (Figure 1).

The noted above sketchy description of the photosynthesis first stage activation can be written in the form of the following inequation:

,                  (1)

where  is the time between the activated and inactivated forms of the photosystems PII and PI [9];  - the time of passage of electrons from the photosystem PII to PQ and is equal to [9].

The inequation (1) allows defining a root-mean-square time interval 

                  (2)

within which the relation between the energy of the system of the breakdown into an electron-positron pair and the time Δt remains constant (3)

,               (3)

where J is the energy of almost all vitally important molecules, which biological structures consist of [10].

From the equation of the determination principle (3) the value of within the interval  is close to the kinetic energy of the electron verging toward light speed, that is typical of electron tunneling in chemical and biological systems [11-13]

J                     (4)

From the equation  we have the value in mass units that is three times as much as an electron mass ( ).

By extrapolation on activating the mechanisms of both the first and the second photosynthesis stages we protract the concept that at the light quantums "emission" from the activated photosystem  Р680* to pheophetin and further on to PQ a breakdown into an electron-positron pair which exceeds an electron mass threefold, not four times,  according to the law of charge parity nonconversation (5).

                                  (5)

It is known [14] that the formation of an electron-positron pair is possible if the kinetic energy of the electron exceeds . However, its formation energy according (5) doesn´t exceed  (0,015%), that coincides with the green plants absorption photoenergy in standard conditions for one mole glucose synthesis within the limits up to 14460 kJ/mol ( ) - depending on the absorption wave-length [8].

II. The activation mechanism substantiation of both the first and the second photosynthesis stages.

The standard available energy ( ) of an electron stream in the electron transfer chain from NADPH+H to O₂, which represents an exergonic process, is equal [8]:

 kJ/mol.                       (6)

In this case for dissolution of two moles of water under the influence of a positronium-ion (2,174 ) from (5) up to 4  into molecules О₂ it will be required 440,16 kJ/mol, that is 38,4 kJ lower than the reaction energy (7)

kJ/mol                                  (7)

calculated from the equation (8)

                                                     (8),

where n is the number of the carried over electrons; F- Faraday number and  - standard electron potential equal to 1,24v.

The remainder of two water moles (from (6) and (7)) synthesis energy equal to 38,44 kJ is an energy measure of charge parity failure at the breakdown  on pheophetin. Then, at the breakdown  this amount will make 

   kJ/mol                    (9).

actually, we experimentally affirmed [5, 6] the dependency of four-cycle series of conversion photon flashout from a singlet -state of oxygen2,174е⁺

,  kJ/mol

into a triplet one with a standard emanation energy 154 kJ/mol 

   kJ/mol

that is practically coincides with literature data (157 кДж) [8]. If it is remembered that the flush from  makes 1594,1 kJ, the total photosynthesis effectiveness in standard conditions makes 478,6/1594,1 as a minimum, or about 30%, that is also coincides with the literature data [8].

Glucose in plants is synthesized in the dark phase and is a predecessor of the three typical vegetational carbohydrates - saccharose, starch and cellulose, which are not synthesized in an animal body. In С₃-plants for photosynthesis of dextrogyrate D-(+) -glucose from the equation (7) for 6 moles of О₂ it is necessary

,   kJ/mol      (10)

that is practically also comparable with the experimental value

 kJ/mol [8].

The breakdown of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate up to two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (A and B) under the action of ribulosediphosphate- carboxylase and the synthesis of D- (+) -glucose and its five derivatives inplants (11) is attended in the dark phase of Calvin cycle. However, this complex process is geometrically close to the spherical electron-positive center of the photosystem PII (Figure 1). Which objective results could serve as the confirmation of this concept?

Second, the singlet-excited transition molecule (11) suffers an intercombination conversion in the form of hydrolyse up to two glycerate molecules, that is attended by the transition into a more stable state ( ). The life time of the lowest -state is rather long to form D-(+)-glucose from two glycerate A molecules. In another situation the interaction of glycerates A and B would lead to levogyrate - glucose formation, that according to stereoselectivity is unauthorized close to the electron-positive center of PII (Figure 1).

And third, one of structure fragments of many oligosaccharides (for example, saccharose and raffinose), polysaccharides (for example, innulin) is -fructose. In temperate zone plants but which hail from the tropics (corn, sugar cane or ambercane) the assimilation happens in the way of metabolism (Hatch-Slack reaction). The plants include  into a -compound and only after two preliminary migration stages fix the same way that the plants do. This assimilation way leads to a sufficient removal from the center PII in the cycle of Calvin, and thus, a long enough time (about 10^-3 sec) is needed for the synthesis of -fructose (Figure. 1).

Hence, physical processes conditioned by the intersystem crossing - the transition between the two electron states of equal spin multiplicities compete with chemical reactions of СО₂ assimilation in and plants.

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