Научный журнал

European Journal of Natural History

ISSN 2073-4972

ИФ РИНЦ = 0,301

Fig. 3. Full glutamate oxidation. OP oxidative phosphorylation

The oxidation of carbohydrates and water formation

Oxidation of carbohydrates can be discussed on glucose. In fig. 2 there are two ways of glucose oxidation were shown. In the first way it was formed by 10 NADN and 2 FADN2 that will make 10 x 3.5 = 35 and 2 x 2.5 = 5 water molecules respectively or 40 moles of water on 1 mole of glucose. Given the fact that in glycolysis 2 molecules of water are formed, and in Krebs’s cycle 4 molecules H2O were used (in two turnovers of a cycle) we will have 38 moles of water on 1 mole of glucose. The second way of glucose oxidation is formed by 14 NADN and 4 FADN2, which will give 59 moles of water. Taking into account the water which is formed in glycolysis (2H2O) and used in Krebs (8H2O) cycle as a result we will have 53 moles of water on one mole of glucose (Fig. 2).

Oxidation of 1 mole glucose (or 180.2 g) gives 38 moles of water, allow for the fact that its molecular weight of 1 mole water (18 g) we have 684 g of H2O, making up and solving the proportion, we get 379.58 g of water on 100 g of glucose or 3.8 g (after rounding) on 1 g according to. In the second way of oxidation after similar calculations we found that 5.3 g of water on 1 g of glucose. According to A. Lenindzher in case of oxidation of 1 mole glucose 44 moles of H20 is formed [1], which in recalculation will give 4.4 g of H2O. All three results will not be approved with reference data 0.55 g of water on 1 g of glucose [6].

Formation of water during of oxidation of proteins

The catabolism of proteins includes the following stages: hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids, deamination or transamination, transformation of a carbon skeleton of amino acid to an intermediate metabolite of Krebs cycle, Krebs’s cycle, electrons transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation. Because, there is a wide variety of amino-acids compositions in food and endogenous proteins only approximate calculation is possible. The calculation which is carried out for glutamic acid gives 4.04 g of H2O on 1 g of a substratum. According to reference data for proteins this size is equal to 0.41 g on 1 g of proteins (Fig. 3) [6].

The daily amount of metabolic water

The diet consisted of triacylglycerols 100 g, and carbohydrates 400 g, and of protein 100 g [3] gives 873 g of H20 on 100 g of oxidation a triacylglycerols, from 1520 to 2120 g of H20 on 400 g of carbohydrates, 404 g of H20 on 100 g of protein (calculation was carried out with use of the data obtained by the author). Summarizing the results received above the daily amount of metabolic water will be from 3397 to 2787 g. This is enormous quantity which much exceeds these literatures data- 300 g of H2O per days of [4, 5, 6, 8]. People don’t excrete this amount of water in the environment. The seeming paradox is easily explained by recirculation of the received water in ATP synthesis and decay. The most part of the water received in ATP synthesis reaction is then used in the exergonic reactions of hydrolytic splitting of ATP to ADP and Pi or to AMP and PiPi. In a day a person will metabolize about 400 g of endogenous protein (in hydrolysis reactions) and several hundred grams of an endogenous glycogen. Hydrolysis of food polymers in a gastrointestinal tract also uses a huge amount of water. Therefore, each molecule of metabolic water will be reused, gradually leaving the organism in accordingly with his need for water.

Possible participation of metabolic water in work of FoF1ATPase

The final stages of carbohydrates, proteins and triacylglycerol catabolism is followed by formation of metabolic water, formed in the mitochondrion. Therefore the bulk of metabolic water is formed in these organelles. It is known that mitochondrions can change the volume, increasing or reducing [2]. Organelles should have an effective system of water removing by osmosis is unreal. At the cytoplasmatic membranes of many cells aquaporins exist which form the channels for water; however such proteins are not found in an internal membrane of mitochondrions. The most suitable applicant for a role of the water channel is FoF1ATPase which makes the return transfer of protons to mitochondrions matrix. Protons in the water environment are connected with a water molecule forming a hydroxonium ion (H3O +). If the hydroxonium ion freely moves in matrix on the channel formed by FoF1ATPase, then it is reasonable to assume that the same channel can be used for a transfer of the metabolic water outside. In the reaction catalyzed by FoF1ATPase there are conformational changes in catalytic beta-subunits of the enzyme [10]. Allegedly, return to initial conformation of these subunits can be performed due to the fact that the metabolic water hydrostatic pressure which is coming out through FoF1ATPase. Thus, recurrence in work of the enzyme is maintained both by ions a hydroxonium, and the hydrostatic pressure of metabolic water.

The formation of water in the respiratory chain

Process of transfer of electrons in a respiratory chain is accomplish by their transition from high energy levels to lower and the marked-out energy and is used for creation of transmembrane electrochemical potentially. It is logical to assume that the water formed by such electrons shall be more low-energy, than which is formed by other methods. We will transform Enstein’s equation E = mc2 to m = Е / c2. Solving, this equation we will receive that transformation of electron leads to lowered energy, as result it’s weight will decrease. The facilitated electron will leave on more distant orbitals that can increase a valence angle between oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen in a water molecule. Time of existence of such water will be measured in nano seconds, but it can be enough for making biological effect. For example, such water can enter to competitive relations with water of hydrate covers biopolymers can change their activity, and therefore a metabolism and transport through a mitochondrial membrane.